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外科手术前-手术后健康

•简介     •一览表     •治疗     •饮食习惯的改变

•生活方式的改变    •营养补充剂    •草药

•整体疗法   •参考文献

  大型外科手术会引起机体严重的应激反应。在大型的外科手术后,机体的免疫系统被削弱了,而且胃肠道的功能发生了改变,使机体容易受到感染并且处于营养缺乏的状态[1]。可以通过简单自然的途径使术前和术后的机体变强壮,增强抵抗力,预防并发症,并加快痊愈。

术前-术后健康的辅助疗法

分类

营养补充剂

草药

首选

谷氨酰胺

手术后补充了营养成分的营养配方

 

次选

精氨酸

鱼油

铁(铁缺乏或对于大型外科手术)

核糖核酸(RNA

牛磺酸

维生素C(缺乏的情况下)

其它

低聚果糖FOS

维生素A

维生素B1

维生素B2

维生素B6

维生素E

姜黄素(来自姜黄根)

首选 有可靠和相对一致的科研数据证明其对健康有显著改善。

次选 各有关科研结果相互矛盾、证据不充分或仅能初步表明其可改善健康状况或效果甚微。

其它 对草药来说,仅有传统用法可支持其应用,但尚无或仅有少量科学证据可证明其疗效。对营养补充剂来说,无科学证据支持和/或效果甚微。

医药治疗

  属于非处方药的非类固醇类抗炎药(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs),包括阿司匹林(aspirin,Bayer®, Ecotrin®,Bufferin®)、布洛芬(ibuprofen,Advil®,Motrin®,Nuprin®)和萘普生(naproxen,Aleve®),以及对乙酰氨基酚(Tylenol®)等,经常用于缓解手术后的轻微疼痛。

  属于处方药的较强效的非类固醇类抗炎药,包括布洛芬(ibuprofen,Motrin®)、萘普生(naproxen,Anaprox®, Naprosyn®)、伊托度酸(etodolac,Lodine®)和消炎痛(indomethacin,Indocin®)等,则在非处方药无效的情况下使用。麻醉性止痛剂如可待因(codeine,Tylenol® with Codeine)、氢可酮(hydrocodone,Vicodin®, Lortab®)也用于治疗中等程度的疼痛。其他的麻醉剂,例如羟考酮(oxycodone,Oxycontin®, Percocet®, Percodan®),氢吗啡酮(hydromorphone,Dilaudid®),吗啡(morphine,MS Contin®, Roxanol®),芬太奴(fentanyl,Duragesic®),美沙酮(methadone,Dolophine®)和杜冷丁(meperidine,Demerol®),一般用来处理严重的疼痛。口服的皮质类固醇例如强的松(prednisone,Deltasone®)和甲强龙(methylprednisolone,Medrol®)通常用来减轻疼痛和炎症。抗生素也可以用来治疗手术后的细菌感染。其他治疗方法包括适当休息、加强营养、补充液体以及对外科伤口进行正确的护理等等。

可能有益的饮食习惯

营养不良

  无论是术前还是术后的营养不良,都对手术后的康复有着负面的影响[2,3,4,5,6]。

  即使是在发达的国家中,营养不良在老年和慢性病患者中仍然相当普遍,一个研究发现,有一半的老年普通手术病人因蛋白质缺乏而患有中等到严重的营养不良[7]。

  最近的一项初步研究表明,手术前的营养不良与术后炎症的增多是有关系的[8]。一项针对肺部手术病人的研究发现,手术前营养较好的病人手术后住院的时间要短一些,而且需要的术后加强护理更少[9]。在某些特定类型的手术之前,进行饮食限制或者禁食通常是必要的。然而,研究者们发现,对手术前的病人给予4到8天的限制热量的饮食,会造成他们的营养健康水平降低,而且会削弱免疫系统的活性,但是增加一个可提供额外热量和蛋白质的营养配方则会减少节食的负面影响[10]。在另一个研究中,人们将通常推荐给结肠手术病人的清流质饮食与提供蛋白质、热量和其他营养成分的流质饮食进行了对比;手术前接受了额外营养的病人比只接受清流质饮食的病人住院的时间更短[11]。研究者们还以动物和人类为对象,比较了手术前禁食和进食包含液体碳水化合物营养配方的清流质饮食的效果,对这些研究结果进行综述之后,一些专家推荐手术前采用碳水化合物营养配方而不是完全禁食[12]。

流质饮食

  流质饮食是特别准备的包含所有必需营养成分的营养配方,经常在手术前后应用,尤其是对于不能进食固体食物的病人。研究也表明,手术后尽快使用营养配方有助于剖腹产术后加快恢复[13],而且也能降低腹部手术后发生感染的机率[14]。通过对所有类型手术病人的营养学研究的综述可以总结出,营养不良的病人如果在术前和术后补充营养,会获得较好的效果,而且将营养成分通过口服的方式补充比直接进入血液中(静脉注射)更有帮助[15,16,17]。没有患营养不良的病人是否会从这种营养补充中受益,目前还不清楚。

肠外营养

  在大型外科手术后,有时需要避开消化道的途径来补充营养,例如通过静脉注射,而不是口服的方式。这种营养方式就是所谓的“肠外营养”,而通过消化道吸收食物则称为“肠内营养”。但是肠外营养和肠内营养哪一种对手术病人更有益健康,这一点仍然有争议[18],决定采用哪种方式是个相当复杂的问题,而且需要在不同的个案中与负责治疗的医师进行讨论。

可能有益的生活方式改变

  吸烟威胁到健康的方方面面,而且与很多种手术的结果不佳有关系[19,20,21]。根据一项初步研究的结果,由于吸烟的麻醉作用,吸烟可能减轻手术后常有的恶心和呕吐的症状[22],但是吸烟的不利之处远远超过了这仅有的一点可能的益处。

可能有益的营养补充剂

维生素A

  维生素A在创伤的愈合中起着重要的作用[23],一项动物研究显示,维生素A缺乏可能造成手术后恢复不佳[24]。维生素A对接受了皮质类固醇类药物治疗的手术后病人有显著的益处。皮质类固醇类药物可以明显减慢伤口愈合的速度,而且许多动物试验研究的结果发现,局部应用或口服维生素A都能逆转这种效应;但是,对于没有接受皮质类固醇药物治疗的动物,维生素A并不能改变它们的伤口的愈合速度[25,26,27]。在一些人类案例中也报告了局部应用维生素A后的类似结果,而且研究者们建议,手术后使用了皮质类固醇的病人,应局部使用每盎司(约合31.1克)含有200,000IU的维生素A制剂(也即每克含有6431国际单位的维生素A),以促进手术后的伤口痊愈[28]。应用了皮质类固醇的病人局部使用维生素A也可以减少疤痕的产生[29]。

  硒是一种重要的矿质营养素,在维持和增强免疫功能及感染预防等方面都起着重要作用 [30,31,32],已经有报告发现肠部手术后的病人缺乏硒[33]。一项针对危重病人(包括一些近期做过大型外科手术的病人)的对照试验发现,相对于没有额外补充营养的病人来说,那些三个星期内每天静脉注射硒制剂的病人显示出机体应激的生化指征比较少,也就是说他们承受的应激的压力比较小。在这个试验中应用的剂量是第一周每天两次,每次500微克,第二周每天一次,每次500微克,第三周每天三次,每次100微克[34]。

  锌是另一种对免疫系统功能和创伤愈合有重要作用的矿质营养素[35]。人们发现,大多数在家中康复的手术后病人,他们从饮食中摄取的锌不足[36]。另外有报告称,肺部外科手术后的病人血液内锌的水平很低[37.38]。在一项研究中,锌缺乏在手术后一直持续了7天,而这种状况与肺炎的发生风险增高有关[39],同时研究者们还研究发现手术后锌缺乏可能造成病人易疲乏劳累[40]。手术后伤口愈合不佳的情况在锌缺乏时也更普遍[41]。一项研究显示,在手术前给予病人锌补充剂可以防止锌缺乏,但是这种补充剂对于手术后健康的效果还没有研究过[42]。

  一项初步研究发现,无论在小手术还是大型手术后,体内铁的水平都会降低,而且在手术前补充铁制剂并不能防止铁的缺乏[43]。一项对照试验发现,对于脊髓手术后的儿童,静脉注射铁制剂能有效地恢复体内铁的正常水平,如果采用口服的方式,则效果不如静脉注射好 [44]。一项动物试验的研究结果显示,给病人补充低聚果糖(fructo-oligosaccharide,FOS)能够改善体内铁的吸收,并能防止手术后发生贫血[45],但是目前尚没有验证过低聚果糖对人类的效果。一些研究者推测,外伤或手术后缺乏铁对于避免感染是一个重要的机制,如果体内铁增多反而会使感染的风险增加,因此他们建议手术后不应该给予病人铁补充剂[46]。
频繁经历大型手术的病人需要输血以代替手术中丢失的血量。研究发现18~21%的手术病人在术前就患有贫血[47,48],手术后这些病人比不贫血的病人需要输更多的血。一项对照试验发现,不管铁缺乏是否存在,手术前补充铁制剂都可以减少输血量、[49]。在另一个对照试验中,在关节手术前和手术后(2个月)给予铁补充剂(99毫克/天)可以改善血液状况,但是这样并不能改变住院治疗的时间长短,也不能改变病人手术后发热的风险[50]。一些医生认为手术前联合使用铁补充剂和促进骨髓产生红细胞的药物,是减少手术后输血的有效方式[51]。

维生素C

  对于住院治疗的病人,维生素C缺乏对其免疫系统的功能是有害的[52],而且一项研究发现,一半的在家中康复的手术后病人从饮食中摄取的维生素C量不足[53]。维生素C也是一种对于伤口愈合十分关键的营养成分[54,55],但是研究显示补充维生素C对于手术后伤口愈合的作用较小[56,57]。另外,维生素C缺乏也能增加手术过程中过量出血的风险[58]。

维生素E

  一些针对手术病人的研究[59,60]发现(并非全部[61]),手术中和手术之后血液中维生素E的水平降低。动物实验研究表明,局部使用维生素E可以防止手术后皮肤上产生疤痕[62],但是在针对人类的研究中,并没有得到令人满意的结果,也就是说局部使用维生素E并不能预防疤痕的产生[63]。口服维生素E可能会对凝血造成干扰[64];因此,手术前若要使用维生素E应与外科医生商议,尽量避免风险。目前人们还没有研究过手术前后补充维生素E的益处和风险。

维生素B1

  一项初步研究发现,手术前的几天每天肌肉注射120毫克维生素B1,可以减少手术后免疫系统活性的降低[65]。一项对照试验的结果表明,在手术前五个星期和手术后两个星期,每天口服复合维生素B (包括100毫克维生素B1,200毫克维生素B6,200微克维生素B12)也能减少手术后免疫系统活性的降低[66]。然而,并没有研究发现补充维生素B对于外科手术病人有其他的帮助。

谷氨酰胺

  谷氨酰胺是人体中含量十分丰富的一种氨基酸,它能够帮助维持胃肠道内面被覆的细胞的正常功能,同时对于免疫功能也很重要[67]。在机体发生应激时(包括在外科手术的压力下),谷氨酰胺被消耗或用尽[68]。外科手术后血液中谷氨酰胺的水平下降,当恢复到正常水平时,谷氨酰胺的增加与免疫细胞数量的增加是平行的[69]。两个对照试验显示,应用富含谷氨酰胺的静脉注射营养配方,每天可以提供大约20克谷氨酰胺,能够增加免疫细胞的活性,而且能缩短患者住院治疗的时间[70,71]。人们通过一个双盲研究发现,如果手术后的病人接受了额外补充谷氨酰胺的静脉注射营养配方,他们的营养状况更好,而且健康状态也更佳,手术后发生的感染比较少,其他并发症也较少发生[72,73]。

精氨酸

  精氨酸是一种重要的氨基酸,在损伤(包括外科手术)后的免疫功能、感染预防和组织修复中都起着作用[74]。关于动物的研究显示,补充精氨酸可以改善心血管手术[75]和结肠手术[76]后的康复效果。外科手术经常会产生一种疼痛性的内在瘢痕,称为粘连;很多动物研究都表明,精氨酸对于预防粘连的产生可能有一定作用[77]。应用含有精氨酸营养配方的人类试验将在下面讨论,但是对于外科手术病人单独补充精氨酸的益处并没有进行研究过,因此不清楚单独补充精氨酸是否有益。

牛磺酸

  牛磺酸也是一种在体内含量丰富的氨基酸,人们发现它对于免疫细胞的功能似乎也有重要的作用[78]。一项初步研究发现,相比接受标准营养配方的病人,手术前2天直到手术后5天一直持续接受富含牛磺酸(1克/升)营养配方的病人发生的炎症更少[79]。

ω-3脂肪酸

  ω-3脂肪酸具有抗炎的性质[80],动物研究表明,补充ω-3脂肪酸可以帮助手术后尽快康复和预防感染[81,82]。一项关于人类的对照试验发现,手术之后给予包含ω-3脂肪酸的静脉注射营养配方,相比标准营养配方,可以减少炎症化学因子的产生[83]。其他关于手术病人应用含有ω-3脂肪酸成分的营养配方的研究将在下面讨论,其中也包括其他各种补充的营养成分[84]。

核糖核酸(RNA)

  核糖核酸(ribonucleic acid,RNA)是生物分子核苷酸家族的成员之一,它们可以维持蛋白质合成和细胞生长。在物理性应力作用期间,RNA帮助免疫细胞分裂和产生活性[85,86],而且RNA 的需要量会增加。动物研究显示,在饮食中添加核苷酸可以维持动物的免疫反应,并能降低受感染动物的死亡率[87,88,89]。在人类婴儿中,按照富含核苷酸配方喂养的婴儿相比按普通配方喂养的婴儿,拥有更健康的胃肠道系统和更好的免疫功能[90,91,92]。在一些手术病人的口服和静脉注射营养配方中包括了RNA,这些配方将在下面讨论。

液体营养配方

  关于外科手术后康复的调查探究了液体营养配方的有效性,在这些配方中补充了一些被认为对改善免疫功能和加速康复有效的营养成分。最常见的补充营养成分是几种特定的氨基酸、必需脂肪酸和核苷酸[93]。一些对照试验(其中部分是双盲试验)显示,在手术后[94,95]或手术前和手术后[96,97,98,99],给予病人含有来自鱼油的精氨酸、RNA和ω-3脂肪酸的口服营养配方,可以帮助预防炎症的发生,减少免疫细胞功能的降低,并降低手术并发症的发生率,缩短住院治疗的时间。在这些试验中最常用的配方每升含有12.5克精氨酸,3.3克ω-3脂肪酸和1.2克RNA,另有铁、锌、硒、铜和维生素C。一般地,外科手术病人每天需要摄入1到1.5升。然而,一个对照试验发现,如果只是在手术前给予这些营养配方,那么它们的效果并不比普通的标准配方更好[100]。研究者们比较了传统营养配方和免疫增强配方对病人的不同影响,并进行了详细的分析,结果发现,使用这两种配方的病人的死亡率是相同的,但是使用免疫增强配方的病人发生的感染更少,而且他们住院的时间更短[101]。

有无副作用及药物之间相互作用?

请参考各种营养补充剂的副作用及相互作用。

可能有益的草药

  一项最近的研究发现24%的手术病人在手术前应用了草药类补充剂,他们使用了共有50种不同的草药[102]。然而,至今人们极少研究过手术前应用草药的安全性或有效性。一些研究者和健康护理专家担忧,手术病人使用的草药,可能与手术前后或手术中使用的药物产生有害的相互作用,或者是某些草药可能增加手术中或手术后的出血[103,104]。手术前后能否使用草药,需要针对不同病例具体分析,而且应该与知识丰富的健康护理专家进行讨论。

  由于麻醉剂的作用,手术后病人可出现恶心和呕吐。姜(Zingiber officinale)具有抗恶心的作用,一些对照试验检查了姜防止手术后恶心和呕吐的功能。其中的两个对照试验发现姜比安慰剂更有效,与抗恶心的药物的效果等同[105,106];然而,在另外两个对照试验中,姜并没有显示出任何益处[107,108]。人们对这些试验结果进行了总结,结果显示:手术前服用1克姜,预防恶心和呕吐的效果比安慰剂稍微好一些,但是区别并不是很显著[109]。

姜黄素

  姜黄是一种具有抗炎作用的草药[110]。一项试验发现,摄入姜黄素(来自姜黄)每天3次,每次400毫克,缓解手术后炎症的效果比安慰剂或抗炎药物的效果更明显。然而,由于在研究刚开始时不同的治疗小组病人的炎症程度是不同的,所以从这项研究中并不能得出确切有效的结论111。

有无副作用及药物之间相互作用?

请参考各种草药的副作用及相互作用。

可能有益的整体疗法

  针压法可以用来预防恶心和呕吐。七个对照试验的结果显示,使用腕带向前臂上的穴位加压,能够有效地预防手术后的恶心和呕吐[112,113,114,115,116,117],而且在另一个对照试验中它与抗恶心药物的有效性等同[118]。但是也有对照试验证明,针压法腕带没有任何益处[119]。因此目前试验的结果仍然是有争议的,并没有得出确切的结论。在一个对照试验中,针灸[120]和手腕穴位的经皮神经电刺激(transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation,TENS)[121]也能有效防止手术后恶心和呕吐。人们通过一项对照对比研究发现,手腕穴位电针预防手术后恶心呕吐的效果与抗恶心药物相同,比TENS好,但是电针和TENS都比不采用任何治疗更有帮助[122]。对针灸、电针、TNES、穴位刺激和针压法防止手术后恶心呕吐的研究进行全面综述后发现,这些方法在成人中都比安慰剂更有效果,而且与通常的处方药物治疗的效果相同,但对儿童却并不是如此[123]。不过,一个对照试验发现,在手术前和手术后对儿童手腕的穴位进行激光刺激是有效果的[124]。

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