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•简介 •一览表 •症状 •治疗
•饮食习惯的改变 •生活方式的改变 •营养补充剂
•草药 •参考文献
结肠癌是一种恶性肿瘤,发生于人的结肠。它的特点是细胞无规则地进行复制,从而形成肿瘤,而且部分细胞可能会扩散至身体的其它部位,即发生“转移”。
在这篇文章中,我们将会向读者介绍一些有益的饮食习惯、生活方式、维生素、矿物质以及草药等等,可以帮助大家降低结肠癌发病率,或缓解结肠癌的症状。
我们提供这些信息的初衷,仅仅是帮助消费者能更好地与自己的医生进行沟通,而并非提倡、推销或鼓励使用我们所推荐的这些保健品。因此,请不要对这些信息产生误解,认为这些膳食补充剂和草药可替代传统的抗癌治疗途径。
另外需要注意的是,在下文所引用的某些研究文献中,如果表明某种特殊膳食组成、食物补充剂或草药可降低发生结肠癌的危险性,这些发现一般还处于初步研究阶段,因此需要进一步确定。所以,务必提醒读者切不能盲目擅自使用。
虽然很多权威研究表明,结肠癌的发病率与饮食习惯以及饮食成分密切相关。但是,这并不意味着,只要在饮食中加入某种被证明有效的成分,就一定会见效。
在西方国家,结肠癌和直肠癌在所有癌症中所占的比例逐年上升(注:肺癌比例上升最快)。即使家族中没有人患结肠癌,但是如果本身是结肠癌的敏感体质,40岁之前发病也是比较常见的。另外,溃疡性结肠炎、克隆氏病(Crohn’s disease)以及家族性息肉病均可使发生结肠癌的风险性明显上升。
结肠癌的辅助疗法
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分类
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营养补充剂
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草药
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首选
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叶酸 (降低风险性)
褪黑激素
硒 (降低风险性)
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大蒜和洋葱(降低发生胃癌、食管癌和结肠癌的风险性)
绿茶 (降低风险性)
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其它
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钙 (降低风险性)
鱼油 (降低风险性)
谷胱甘肽
维生素 C (降低风险性)
维生素 D (降低风险性)
维生素 E (降低风险性)
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首选 有可靠和相对一致的科研数据证明其对健康有显著改善。
次选 各有关科研结果相互矛盾、证据不充分或仅能初步表明其可改善健康状况或效果甚微。
其它 对草药来说,仅有传统用法可支持其应用,但尚无或仅有少量科学证据可证明其疗效。对营养补充剂来说,无科学证据支持和/或效果甚微。
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结肠癌的症状
如果结肠癌的癌变部位不同,其最初症状表现也会有较大差异。当癌变部位位于左半部分结肠或直肠附近时,其最常见的发病原因是肠的习性和大便硬度可能发生了变化。这部分结肠癌变后,可能会引起腹部绞痛,在进食时疼痛可能会加剧。另外,大便带血和肠梗阻也是暗示癌变发生在该部位的常见症状。如果大便时很困难,或是有疼痛感,可能暗示癌症有所加重。如果癌变部位位于右半部分结肠,患者可能仅仅感觉到普通的腹痛,另外,血液颜色会有所变化,呈砖红色。其最常见的原因是“缺铁性贫血”,尤其在没有其它明确致病原因时,该原因的可能性更大。另外,当癌变位置靠近直肠时,一般会伴有持续剧痛,大便表面经常会有鲜血覆盖。
医药治疗
某些类型的结肠癌可通过处方药氟尿嘧啶(5-FU,Adrucil®),左旋咪唑(levamisole,Ergamisol®)进行控制,其治疗结果较为令人满意。氟尿嘧啶有时也与四氢叶酸(Leucovorin®)联合使用。
目前,结肠癌的主要治疗手段是进行外科手术,将癌变部分切除。但是,并不是所有结肠癌患者都适合手术,应视癌变的具体部位以及癌细胞是否有扩散而定。在手术与化疗的同时,有时也会介入放疗,这对直肠癌患者尤其有效。
可能有益的饮食习惯
酒精
大多数初步研究报告发现,喝啤酒(即使不饮用其它形式的酒精)与直肠癌的发病率相关。[1,2,3,4]啤酒也会使结肠发生癌前病变的危险性升高。[5]在啤酒中,发现含有“亚硝胺”,这是一种致癌化学药品,这可能是啤酒导致结肠癌的部分原因。[6]一些研究已发现,任何形式的酒精都会增加发生直肠癌和结肠癌的危险性,直肠癌与啤酒的相关性仅略微高于直肠癌与其它形式酒精的相关性。[7, 8]
酒精可以间接损伤人体细胞中的DNA。我们都知道,DNA是保证细胞正常复制的必需物质,而细胞的异常复制将会导致癌症。叶酸和维生素B12,都可保护DNA不受酒精损伤。研究者也越来越坚信,叶酸可能可以保护机体,预防某些由酒精导致的结肠癌。[9,10]因此,如果希望降低结肠癌和直肠癌发病率,医生建议大家戒酒。
对于继续喝酒的人群,则建议服用叶酸补充剂。在某份报告中指出,服用多种维生素(通常剂量为每日叶酸400 微克)至少长达15年的妇女,与不服用该类补充剂的妇女相比,其结肠癌的发病率降低75%。[11]
纤维
目前大多数研究报告显示,高纤维饮食人群的结肠癌发生率较低。[12]特别值得注意的是,一些研究者发现,如果想要预防结肠癌,应该食用大量麦麸,[13,14,15]而不是食用其它类型的纤维。但是,为什么少量纤维能降低结肠癌发病率呢?其原因至今还是令人难以琢磨。[16]
那么,纤维是否真的对预防结肠癌有显著效果呢?最近一些研究对该观点提出了质疑。[17,18]他们认为,“吃肉”和其它“动物制品”才是结肠癌的元凶。但是,医生们并不是很在意研究者的这些质疑,仍然建议希望预防结肠癌的人群应尽量多吃高纤维食物。那么,怎样才能在饮食中摄取大量不溶纤维呢?最好最简单的方法是将食谱中的白饭换成糙米,将白面粉或杂面粉做的面包换成百分之百全麦面包或全黑麦饼干等等。另外,我们在购买的时候需注意,在市场上出售的“精制白面粉”的食品包装袋上,一般会印有“面粉”、“富强粉”、“未漂白面粉”、“硬粒小麦”、“粗粒小麦粉”或者“白面粉”等标记。仅含有全麦的面包包装上经常会标记“100%全麦”。
西红柿
西红柿中含有番茄红素,它属于一种抗氧化剂,与β胡萝卜素结构相似。在我们的饮食中,番茄红素主要来自于西红柿,而在其它食物中仅含有微量的番茄红素。试管实验已证明,番茄红素对癌细胞的复制具有抑制作用。[19]
一份总结了72项研究的综述表明,其中有57项研究得出,大量食用西红柿或体内血中番茄红素水平较高时,可预防癌症的发生。并且,其中又有35项研究的预防效果已达到统计学显著水平。[20]但是,很多证据显示的是西红柿对其它癌症的预防作用,而仅有部分证据是针对结肠癌而言的。因此,如果对西红柿不过敏,很多医生建议患者应尽量多吃西红柿,以达到预防癌症的目的。
十字花科蔬菜
大白菜、球芽甘蓝、椰菜以及花椰菜均属于芸薹属蔬菜,也就是我们较为熟悉的“十字花科”蔬菜。动物试管实验发现,这些蔬菜具有抗癌活性,[21]这很可能与这些蔬菜中的吲哚-3-甲醇[22]、葡萄糖二酸(葡萄糖二酸盐钙)[23]和萝卜硫素[24]有关。人类初步研究显示,在经常食用十字花科蔬菜的人群中,结肠癌的发病率低于平均水平。[25]
肉类 应如何烹调?
部分研究显示,[26]食肉者患结肠癌的比例相对更高。[27,28,29]腊肉和其它经过加工的肉类对健康尤其有害,因此更需引起警惕,尽量减少这些肉类的摄入量。[30,31]
肉类的烹调方法也直接影响到肉类与癌症发病率之间的关系。一般来说,烧得很熟的肉比烧得稍熟的肉含有更多致癌物质。[32]另外,如果经常食用熟透的、油炸的或者烧焦的肉类,那么发生结肠癌的风险可能也会升高。[33]
但是,并不是所有研究报告均支持以上观点。[35]有一些研究并不能得到与上述类似的结果,这是因为他们在研究中没有把遗传因素考虑进去。而熟透的肉类是否能增加结肠癌的易感性,是由遗传基因决定的。[36]因此,“食用大量熟透的肉类会增加发生结肠癌的风险性”这一结论仅仅在一部分人群中得到验证。[37]
大多数营养学专业的医生建议,如果想要降低结肠癌的发病风险,那么就尽量不要吃肉或严格控制自己的食肉量,并且只需将肉烧到半分熟即可,切记不要烧得过熟。尽管如此,“完全戒肉”才是最安全的方法,因为即使是很少或适量的肉类,也能或多或少增加发病风险。[38]
咖啡
“次级胆酸汁”是一种存在于肠中的物质,可使结肠癌和直肠癌的发病风险性升高。目前,关于咖啡对预防癌症的作用机制,研究者们有这样一种猜想:咖啡可使肠内次级胆酸汁的水平下降,从而减少发生结肠癌和直肠癌风险性。[39,40]并且有初步试验也证明了这一点。[41]但是,目前只有一些调查方法不是很严密的研究观察到了上述预防效果,尚缺乏方法严密的研究给予证明。因此,咖啡与结肠癌的相关性还有待进一步研究证明。[42]
膳食脂肪
长期以来研究者们都认为,膳食脂肪与结肠癌的发病进程息息相关。虽然目前已经明确脂肪诱发结肠癌的作用机制,[43]但是一份研究综述显示,与结肠癌发病率密切相关的并不仅仅是肉类中的脂肪,只要摄入肉类,即可增加结肠癌的发病风险。[44]具体介绍详见上文“肉类(应如何烹调)”。
盐
盐的摄入量与结肠癌和直肠癌之间具有一定的相关性。[45,46]但是通常来说,医生不会建议通过控制盐的摄入量来预防癌症,因为我们知道,胃癌是唯一与盐摄入量密切相关的癌症,而在美国,胃癌已不属于常见癌症。但是在中国,情况必然有所不同,因此应向医生进行相关咨询。
糖
初步研究表明,食用大量食糖和含糖食物会增加多种癌症的发病风险。[47,48]但是目前并不清楚,食用大量食糖是否能直接诱发癌症,或是食糖摄入量只是暗示了其它某些可诱发癌症的饮食习惯或生活方式,而其中真正起作用的并不是食糖。
可能有益的生活方式
锻炼
如果经常锻炼身体,那么发生结肠癌以及结肠癌前病变的风险性就会降低。[49,50,51,52]因此,习惯久坐的人应该改掉这个不健康的生活习惯,坚持进行有规律的适量运动。
肥胖
在肥胖男性中,发生结肠癌[53]或直肠癌[54]的风险性有所增加,但是一些科学家认为,肥胖只是其它危险因子的一种外在表现,而并不是导致结肠癌的直接原因,他们所指的危险因子包括高脂饮食、缺乏锻炼等等。[55]虽然在女性中,肥胖与结肠癌发病率的相关性没有男性这么强烈,但是一些研究者还是发现了女性肥胖者的结肠癌发病率确实高于正常女性。[56]
吸烟
在有吸烟史的男性[57]和女性[58]中,发生结肠癌的风险性显著升高。因此,戒烟对于预防结肠癌是非常重要的。
可能有益的营养补充剂
叶酸
在溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的患者中,发生结肠癌的危险性比较高。很多溃疡性结肠炎患者都会服用“柳氮磺吡啶”(sulfasalazine),而该药会耗尽体内的叶酸。[59]在某份初步报告中,服用叶酸补充剂(至少每日400微克)的长期慢性溃疡性结肠炎患者,相比较于未服用叶酸补充剂的患者,前者发生结肠癌或结肠癌前病变的几率较低。[60]虽然此差异在统计学上并不显著,但是研究者仍建议服用柳氮磺吡啶的患者应同时补充叶酸,以降低其潜在的危险性。[61]
某些报告显示,当膳食中叶酸增加时,发生结肠息肉[62]等癌前病变以及发生结肠癌的危险性降低。[63,64]另外,服用叶酸补充剂的妇女,相比较于未服用叶酸的妇女,前者发生结肠癌的危险性降低75%,效果非常显著,具有统计学意义,但需要指出的是,这种差异仅在服用叶酸补充剂长达15年以上的妇女中发现。[65]除此之外,如果在食用高叶酸食物的同时,开始服用叶酸补充剂,那么膳食叶酸对息肉等癌前病变的预防作用变得更为明显。[66]
在喝酒的人群中,高叶酸摄入量与预防结肠癌的相关性更为明显。[67] 我们都知道,DNA损伤可导致细胞复制异常,这是诱发癌症的关键一步。因此,该发现非常有力地证明了叶酸确实可使酒精导致的DNA损伤发生逆转。[68]
对于以前得过结肠癌,但现在基本完全康复的患者,营养专业医生建议服用叶酸补充剂,以预防结肠癌再次发作。但是,在已诊断患有癌症的病人中,补充叶酸是否有效呢?目前还没有研究对此进行探究。需要注意的是,对于正在服用化疗药物甲氨喋呤的癌症患者,在没有肿瘤专家指导的时候,切记不能私自服用叶酸补充剂。
硒
硒元素可能对很多种癌症具有抗癌作用。[69,70]在动物试验中已成功发现,硒元素能抑制癌症。[71]如果某地区土壤中的硒含量较低,那么该地区人群的硒摄入量也相对较少,研究结果也同样表明,该地区的癌症发病率确实明显升高。[72]另外,在很多种癌症(包括结肠癌)患者体内,发现其血中硒元素含量较低。[73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81]在另一项初步研究中,受试者的血中硒水平个体差异较大,结果发现,在癌症死亡率方面,硒水平最低的人群是硒水平最高的人群的3.8至5.8倍。[82,83]
“硒元素具有抗癌作用”的最有力证据来自于一项双盲试验,参加该试验的受试者是1312位曾经患有皮肤癌的美国人,将他们随机分成硒补充组(每日给予200微克硒)和对照组(给予安慰剂),坚持给药六年半。[84]结果显示,虽然受试者的皮肤癌再发率并没有下降,但是令人惊喜的是,各种癌症的总死亡率下降了50%,总发病率下降了37%。尤其值得一提的是结肠癌和直肠癌,这两种癌症的发病率下降了58%,效果尤为显著。
另外有报告显示,硒补充剂可改善结肠癌患者的免疫功能,[85]但是该研究并没有继续对这些患者进行长期随访,对他们的生活质量以及存活时间作出进一步评估。
在上述双盲试验中,[86]我们发现,在短短六年半时间内,癌症总死亡率出现大幅下降。这说明研究者们在不知情的情况下,为受试者成功治疗了一些潜在的未被诊断的癌症。但是,该观点还有待证明。
褪黑激素
一般药店均有“褪黑激素”补充剂出售。一些研究者认为,褪黑激素具有抗癌作用,这可能与免疫系统有关。[87]对癌症患者来说,褪黑激素是一种很有潜力的治疗药物,但是对健康人来说,它并不具有预防癌症的作用。
对化疗没有反应,或者在化疗之后再次复发的晚期结肠癌患者,随机分成对照组(不给予其它治疗)和褪黑激素组(每日40毫克,并与白介素-2联合使用)。[88]结果发现,25位“褪黑激素组”受试者中有9位存活一年以上,而对照组中仅有3位患者存活一年以上。
很多其它对照试验也表明,褪黑激素可延长癌症患者的存活时间,并且对生活质量也有所改善。[89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101]其中大部分试验采用的剂量为每日睡前服用20毫克。由于该剂量比较高,因此必须在医生的监督下才可服用。另外需要提醒的是,目前已有动物试验证明,如果在白天服用褪黑激素,可能会起到完全相反的作用。因此,该激素必须在晚上服用。
钙
钙可能具有抗癌作用,但是它的作用机制非常复杂。初步研究发现,服用钙补充剂可降低发生结肠癌或结肠癌前病变的风险性。[102,103,104,105] 在癌症预防方面,目前大部分证据可表明钙补充剂是极具发展前景的,但是对于已诊断为结肠癌的患者,还没有充分的证据能证明其疗效。
维生素E
初步研究发现,补充维生素E可降低结肠癌和结肠癌前病变的发病率。[112]另外,在男性吸烟者中,摄入少量维生素E(每日大约50国际单位)的受试者发生“结肠息肉”癌前病变以及结肠癌的几率要比安慰剂组低。[113,114]但是,目前还没有关于维生素E用于结肠癌预防的使用建议。
维生素C
根据某份初步报告显示,服用维生素C补充剂的妇女(而并非男性)发生结肠癌的危险性降低。[115]“家族性息肉病”是导致结肠癌的常见疾病。如果患有“家族性息肉病”的患者每日服用3g维生素补充剂,9个月后,发现癌前病变的息肉数目减少。[116]在另一项对照试验中,将维生素C与维生素A和E联合服用,结果发现,“腺瘤性息肉”(另一种结肠癌前病变形式)复发率显著减少。[117]但是,如果仅使用维生素C或将维生素C与其它维生素联合使用,结果发现,并不具有预防腺瘤性息肉复发的治疗作用[118]或仅有微弱的疗效。[119 120]
因此,维生素C补充剂是否可降低癌前病变息肉复发的能力尚待证明。长期维生素C补充剂是否能直接有助于结肠癌的预防的问题,也尚未进行研究。
报告显示,比较于健康人群,癌症患者的白细胞(WBCs)中维生素C水平较低。[121]上世纪70年代时,一位苏格兰外科医生Linus Pauling与Ewan Cameron,给予100位晚期癌症患者每日10g维生素C(每次2.5g,每日4次),并对他们进行随访直至他们去世。[112]这些患者平均存活了210天,而未服用维生素C的癌症患者平均仅存活50天。该批患者的跟踪报告显示,两组人群中的存活时间甚至存在着更大的差距。
梅奥医疗中心(位于爱尔兰西北部)的研究者非常关注维生素C对于晚期癌症患者的效果,但是与Pauling和Cameron不同的是,有一半患者给予的是安慰剂。结果显示,维生素C并没有治疗效果。[124] Pauling认为,他们的试验有别于梅奥的医疗中心的研究,因为他们的受试患者所接受的化疗要少得多。从理论上来说,化疗可能会减弱维生素C的抗癌活性。因此,在梅奥的受试患者体内,维生素C的抗癌活性可能较弱,未见疗效也是合乎情理的。
因此,梅奥医疗中心进行了第二次对照研究。这次,所有受试患者均未接受过化疗。[125]结果,他们的研究再次表明维生素C是无效的。对于该试验结果,Pauling再次回应,他认为在自己的试验中,患者一直持续接受维生素C,直到最后死亡。而在梅奥医疗中心的试验中,一旦结肠癌患者的病情出现进展,就立即停止给予维生素C。因此,Pauling坚持自己的观点——如果坚持给予维生素C直到患者死亡,确实可以提高这些晚期结肠癌患者的存活率。
另外,Pauling还非常密切注意安慰剂组的服药情况,因为某些给予安慰剂的结肠癌患者可能会自己服用一些维生素C补充剂(虽然这在试验要求中是不允许的)。但是梅奥医疗中心并没有特别重视这个因素,只是对安慰剂组进行简单的服药监测。
为了再现Pauling的试验结果,日本的一个研究小组在晚期结肠癌患者中进行了类似试验。[126]与Pauling试验唯一不同的是,他们虽然也设置了对照组,但是并没有给予安慰剂。结果显示,给予维生素C的受试患者平均存活了246天,而未服用维生素C的患者平均仅存活了43天。由此可见,该日本研究结果验证了Pauling和Cameron的发现。但是令人遗憾的是,目前还没有任何研究涉及维生素C对于早期结肠癌患者的疗效。
维生素D
众所周知,接触太阳紫外线会增加皮肤癌和黑色素瘤的发病率。但是,在阳光紫外线辐射较低的地区,某些类型的癌症发病率仍然较高。[127,128,129]但令人惊讶的是,一些研究[130]但并非研究[131]显示,多晒太阳却可降低结肠癌的发病率。
另外,补充维生素D可降低结肠癌的发病率,但是维生素D的预防效果因人而异,这可能与几率有一定关系,并不是百分之百的人都会见效。[132,133]因此,还需进行更多研究对维生素D补充剂的预防作用加以证明。
谷胱甘肽
谷胱甘肽是一种抗氧化剂,它可在人体内合成,并存在与某些食物中。一般市场上均有“谷胱甘肽补充剂”出售。另有初步研究认为,谷胱甘肽可以与致癌因子结合,并具有抗氧化作用,因此它可能具有抗癌活性。
一项初步研究中,给予11位晚期结肠癌患者谷胱甘肽(每日两次,每次800毫克)。[134]21周后,其中3人死亡,4位未见明显改善,另外4位“饮食正常,体重增加,身体基本康复,其中有3位可以出院”。在这项研究中,谷胱甘肽与半胱氨酸(一种氨基酸)和花色甙(属于类黄酮)联合使用。但是,谷胱甘肽是否可作为治疗晚期结肠癌的有效疗法呢?还需更多研究给予进一步证明。
鱼油
补充ω-3脂肪酸(来自于鱼油)可降低结肠癌的发病率。[135,136,137]但是有关鱼油预防或治疗结肠癌的证据,目前并不是很充分,还有待进一步研究。因此,需提醒读者不应盲目使用。
IP-6
IP-6,即肌醇六磷酸,存在于很多食物中,尤其在燕麦、麦麸以及未经发酵的面包中含量较高。但是需要提醒的是,最近发现IP-6会干扰矿物质的吸收,这可能会带来一定的副作用。另外,有动物研究发现,IP-6具有抗癌活性,[138]并且对结肠癌尤其有效。[139]虽然这些结果非常鼓舞人心,但是至今为止,还没有相关的人类试验发表。
纤维
虽然我们在药店可以买到补充剂形式的纤维(如:Metamucil®),但是我们所摄取的大多数纤维应来自于食物。需要指出的是,人们普遍有这样的想法:纤维可降低发生结肠癌的风险性。但是最近,这个既定成形的想法受到了若干项试验结果的挑战。关于“纤维和预防结肠癌”的全面讨论可参阅《癌症预防与饮食》一文。
β- 胡萝卜素
双盲试验显示,“合成型β- 胡萝卜素”补充剂对息肉癌前病变的发生率没有作用。[140,141]目前,尚无证据表明,补充天然型或合成型β- 胡萝卜素可降低发生结肠癌的危险性。
辅酶Q10 (CoQ10)
辅酶Q10可直接作用于免疫系统。[142] 虽然高水平的辅酶Q10已在直肠癌和结肠癌组织中发现,[143]已有报告表明,在患有其它某些癌症的患者体内,辅酶Q10 的血浆水平较低。[144,145,146]
有无副作用及药物之间相互作用?
请参考各种草药的副作用及相互作用。
可能有益的草药
大蒜 和 洋葱
这两种草药均属于“葱属”植物。在该属中有很多其它可食用植物,包括韭和细香葱等等。一些初步研究对“葱属”草药与癌症发生率之间的关系进行了调查。可靠数据表明,“葱属”植物对胃肠道癌症具有预防作用。[147, 148, 149 ,150, 151, 152]另外,食用“葱属”蔬菜越多的人群,发生结肠癌、[153 154]结肠息肉癌前病变[155]的危险性就越小。而且,坚持食用大蒜和洋葱,可预防硝酸盐(蔬菜中的一种化合物,水中含量相对较少)转化成致癌的亚硝酸盐和亚硝胺。[156]
绿茶 和 红茶
关于绿茶和红茶的作用,研究者的说法不一。有研究证明,它们具有致癌作用,但也有其它研究明确表明,这两种茶具有预防癌症的作用。但是,目前有关预防癌症的证据之间,尚存在矛盾。[157 ,158, 159, 160, 161 ,162 ,163, 164]
很多初步研究表明,饮用绿茶与结肠癌[169]等某些类型癌症[165, 166 ,167, 168]的分发病率之间,存在相互联系。相反,初步研究发现,饮用红茶似乎对任何类型的癌症并不具有降低发病率的作用。[170, 171 ,172]
其它草药疗法
Hoxsey草药配方、云芝(多糖体K)、Essiac疗法或其它结肠癌患者特用的草药疗法是否真的有效呢?目前尚无试验进行相关研究。
有无副作用及药物之间相互作用?
请参考各种草药的副作用及相互作用。
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