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首页 - 健康学堂 - 健康中心 - 日常疾病与营养
肥胖与减肥

•简介    •一览表    •治疗    •饮食习惯的改变

•生活方式的改变    •营养补充剂   •草药

•参考文献

  目前,美国大约有三分之二的成人存在体重超重的问题。[1]将近三分之一不仅超过理想体重,而且已达到肥胖的临床标准。20世纪90年代,肥胖率已超出原来的两倍,并且以每年5%的速度增长。[2 ,3]体重超重暗示了机体可能存在威胁健康的危险疾病,其中包括心脏病,糖尿病,各种癌症(例如结肠癌、肾癌,而绝经后妇女易患乳腺癌,子宫癌),前列腺增生(良性前列腺增生症),女性不孕症,子宫纤维瘤,胆结石,以及妊娠期的各种病症,包括妊娠期糖尿病,产前惊厥和妊娠期高血压。[4]另外,多余体脂聚积的部位不同,那么,超重对健康的威胁程度可能也有所区别。尤其当腹部聚积的脂肪较多时(可通过腰围估计),可能会威胁到身体的长期健康。[5 ,6]

  对于超重妇女,减肥可以显著改善体质。一项长达4年,覆盖超过40,000名妇女的研究发现,如果超重妇女进行减肥,那么她们的身体各项功能和体力均会得到改善,而且身体上的痛苦也随之减轻。[7]各种原因导致的死亡率,心血管疾病,癌症或者其它疾病的发病率在超重男性及女性的所有年龄组中均有增加。[8]不幸的是,减轻体重并保持减肥成果,对于大多数人而言,难度是很大的。[9 ,10]但是,如果体重反复性地下降、反弹,这对健康很不利,因为一些研究已显示,它不仅会增加诱发心脏病的危险因子,而且会促进骨质流失。[11 ,12]因此,一些医生认为,减肥者们不应只是拼命地节食,仅仅把“体重下降”当作自己的减肥目标,他们提倡大家应更多地关注身体的全面健康,尤其要关注肥胖带来的心脏病危险因子和其它“健康杀手”。[13]

  但是,从另一个方面来看,体重超重有一个好处——骨质也会随之增长,因此肥胖人群中较少发生骨质疏松症。也正是因为如此,研究者得出结论:减肥成功者体内的骨质流失量应远远大于减肥失败者。[14]因此,减肥成功者应对“骨质疏松症”引起足够的重视。

有益于减肥的辅助疗法

类别

营养补充剂

草药

首选

复合型维生素矿物质 (适于超低卡路里饮食)

丙酮酸

 

次选

5-羟色

7-keto

β-甲基-β-羟基丁酸 (HMB) (仅用于改善身体成分)

共轭亚油酸 (CLA)

纤维

葡甘露聚糖

辣椒

绿茶

育亨宾

其它

(-)-羟基柠檬酸 (HCA)

淀粉酶抑制剂

蓝绿藻 (螺旋藻)

壳聚糖

脱氢表雄酮DHEA

瓜儿胶

左旋肉

大豆

乳清蛋白

苦橙

锦紫苏

瓜拿那

印度香胶

洋车前草

首选 有可靠和相对一致的科研数据证明其对健康有显著改善。

次选 各有关科研结果相互矛盾、证据不充分或仅能初步表明其可改善健康状况或效果甚微。

其它 对草药来说,仅有传统用法可支持其应用,但尚无或仅有少量科学证据可证明其疗效。对营养补充剂来说,无科学证据支持和/或效果甚微。


医药治疗

  含有麻黄碱 (Dexatrim®,天然无咖啡因) 或咖啡因(Dexatrim®,天然无麻黄碱)的非处方药均有助于减轻体重。

  通常用于减肥的处方药包括西布曲明(Meridia®),奥丽司他 (Xenical®),以及粉特明 (Fastin®, Ionamin®)。偶尔还会使用一些神经系统刺激物,例如右旋苯异丙胺(Dexedrine®)以及去氧麻黄碱(Desoxyn®)。
其它较为典型的治疗方案包括“调整饮食结构”,尽量限制脂肪和卡路里的摄入,增加运动量,并改变饮食习惯或饮食模式。对于严重肥胖的患者,可能需要进行外科手术,一般有两种可选方案:可选择“缩小胃的体积”,或选择“对部分胃和小肠进行分流”。

有益的饮食习惯

母乳喂养

  一项初步研究发现,如果在婴儿时期接受母乳喂养,那么在儿童时代早期(三至四岁)发生肥胖的危险性较低。[15]

  坚持“超低碳水化合物饮食”(最初每日摄入25g,在达到某一减肥目标后可增加至每日50g),但对卡路里总摄入量不加以控制的超重者,六个月后,发现受试者平均减去超过10%的体重。[16]但是,与此同时,参与者被要求每周至少做三次有氧运动,所以,“饮食的改变”对于减肥成果究竟起了多大作用,就不得而知了。但是,研究期间的血液检验显示,“超低碳水化合物饮食”会诱发轻度“代谢性酸中毒”,这就说明了长期维持此种饮食结构并非绝对安全。因此,如果减肥者希望采用“超低碳水化合物饮食”来达到减肥或其它目的,建议在医生的指导监护下进行。

控制卡路里

  饮食中的卡路里来自于脂肪,碳水化合物,蛋白质以及酒精。在为减肥者设计减肥食谱时,通常会限制摄入卡路里含量较高的食物,或尽量增加一些卡路里含量较低的食物,这样就能很好地控制卡路里的总摄入量。在最近较为风靡的饮食法中,有一种“脂肪控制法”,它在控制脂肪摄入的同时,还强调“纤维摄取”以及“健康食品”的平衡摄入。其它方法还有“碳水化合物控制法”,例如“艾特金斯饮食”,在该饮食方法中,碳水化合物的摄入量极低,而是非常重视一些低糖或高蛋白食品的摄入,从而小幅度减少碳水化合物的比例。这些饮食法风靡世界后,随之引发了各方的激烈讨论。但是,我们必须牢记,目前尚未有一种饮食方法被证明对减肥长期有效,而且很多人发现,大多数饮食方法都难以长期坚持。[17 ,18]

  很多医生都推荐减肥者采用“低脂、低卡路里、高纤维”的平衡膳食。[19]根据对照组研究显示,当人们被允许可以完全不受限制地摄取低脂类食物,他们比正常饮食人群的减肥效果更为明显。[20]但是,在限制卡路里摄入量方面,低脂饮食并未比其它减肥饮食法显得更为有效。[21]尽管如此,“低脂高纤维平衡膳食”具有其它很多潜在的益处,例如降低心脏病和癌症等慢性疾病的发病率。[22 ,23]

  初步研究指出,减肥成功者虽然从脂肪中摄取的卡路里较少,但从高蛋白食物中摄取了更多的卡路里。他们也尽量避免食用低营养快餐,而是从“高质量正餐”中获取更多所需的卡路里。[24]其它初步研究表明,一些长期保持成果的减肥者们坚信,“控制脂肪摄入”并坚持有规律的“早餐习惯”是他们的制胜法宝。[25 ,26]

低碳水高蛋白饮食结构

  低碳水高脂饮食,例如艾特金斯饮食,是非常受减肥者欢迎的饮食法。一项初步研究显示,坚持超低碳水饮食(最初每日摄入25g,在达到某一减肥目标后可增加至每日50g),但对卡路里总摄入量不加以控制的超重者,六个月后,发现受试者平均减去超过10%的体重。[27]但是,与此同时,参与者被要求每周至少做三次有氧运动,所以,“饮食的改变”对于减肥成果究竟起了多大作用,就不得而知了。研究者还分析了该饮食方法为什么会具有减肥作用的原因,他们认为,主要是因为它可以有效降低卡路里总摄入量。[28]另外,将采用“低碳水高脂饮食”的减肥者与采用“低脂低卡路里饮食”的减肥者进行对比,六个月后,发现前者减去的体重更多。[29, 30 ,31]但是,值得一提的是,在这些减肥者中,有20%至40%的人在减肥过程中实在不能坚持下去而放弃了减肥食谱,因此未将这些人计入最终结果。但是比较有意思的是,又过了六个月之后,发现上述两个减肥组的减肥效果之间已不存在显著差异。最近,在另一项对照试验中,将一些体重超重的青少年分成“低碳水饮食组”和“低脂饮食组”,尽管前者所摄入的卡路里比后者高50%,但是12周后发现,前者比后者减去了更多体重。[32]因此,“艾特金斯饮食”之所以能使体重下降并不完全归因于卡路里摄入量的减少。需要提醒的是,血液检验表明“低碳水化合物饮食”可引起轻度“代谢性酸中毒”,因而会增加发生骨质疏松症和肾结石的危险性。

  另外,“低碳水化合物饮食”对心血管系统是否构成威胁呢?这个问题还尚待进一步研究。在短期研究中发现,“血胆固醇”水平并未随饮食变化而受到不利影响。而其它诱发心脏病的危险因子(比如“甘油三酯”水平和“胰岛素敏感度”)确实由于“低碳水化合物饮食”而得到改善。但是,另一些研究结果显示,在采用“低碳水高脂饮食”长达一年的减肥者中,发现某些心血管危险因子增多。其它不良反应还包括血液中高半胱氨酸,脂蛋白(a)和纤维蛋白原[33]升高,另外,回心血量也有所减少。[34]因此,如果减肥者希望采用“超低碳水饮食”来达到减肥或其它目的,建议在医生的指导监护下进行。

  除以上饮食方法之外,还有一种类似的饮食方法受到较多关注,它的特点是“高蛋白,中脂,碳水化合物含量较高”,其中碳水化合物含量高于上文介绍的任何一种饮食方法。当卡路里摄入量相同时,该类型饮食一般并不比其它饮食法显示出更强劲的减肥效果,[35]在一次减肥试验之后,将减肥成果显著的女性与无减肥效果的女性进行对比,发现她们所摄入的卡路里和脂肪量大致相同,但是前者的蛋白质摄入量将近后者的两倍,而碳水含量低于后者。[36]另一项对照试验比较了两组脂肪含量相似,但蛋白质和碳水化合物含量不同的饮食法:即“高蛋白饮食组”(卡路里25%来自蛋白质,45%来自碳水化合物)与“低蛋白饮食组”(卡路里12%来自蛋白质,59%来自碳水化合物),结果发现,前者所消耗的卡路里较少,减肥效果更明显。[37]

低糖食品

  据研究表明,多吃“低糖食品”有助于控制食欲。[38, 39 ,40,41]一项双期对照研究发现,在第一个为期12周的研究期间,“低糖饮食组”和“高糖饮食组”之间并无差异,但是当进入第二个12周时,“低糖饮食组”的减肥效果明显好于“高糖饮食组”。[42]而在肥胖儿童中,将“低糖饮食组”与“低脂饮食组”进行比较后发现,前者体重下降更为显著。[43]

纤维

  对于希望减肥的人们来说,摄入足量的膳食纤维是相当重要的。纤维会增加摄入食物的体积,因此更容易使人产生饱足感,这样自然而然就会吃得比较少,卡路里摄入量也随之下降。[44]关于纤维的减肥作用,目前各项研究尚未得到较为一致的结果。[45]最近的一份研究综述对“不控制卡路里摄入量”的各项减肥试验进行了总结,指出高纤维饮食可改善减肥效果,尤其在体重超重者中,其效果更佳。[46]

稳定的食品敏感性

  食品敏感性和体重之间是否存在着一定关系呢?这个问题目前尚未明确。但是有研究显示,“慢性食物过敏症”可能会导致“暴食症”和“体重超重”。[47]

长期坚持

  有一些减肥者经常频繁地开始一次节食,过了一段时间后又停止节食,以此不停地反复。我们经常可以听到她们抱怨说,在每次体重波动期间,吃的东西其实并不多,但是体重增加得越来越快了。这是因为在这些减肥者中,当增加相同的体重,机体所需要摄入的卡路里越来越少了。目前已有证据明确证明,在每次节食后,身体在消耗卡路里时会变得越来越“吝啬”。[48]这意味着在下一次减肥过程中,减重更难而增重更易。

有益的生活方式

相互支持鼓励

  很多医生经常会给体重超重者一些减肥药丸,一本有关饮食和锻炼的小册子,往往还会对减肥者进行一番鼓励,但是这样的“组合”其实见效甚微。[49]但是,当超重者参加一个以改变饮食和锻炼模式为目的的互助小组后,坚持记录每日饮食和锻炼情况,并坚持低卡路里饮食,最终结果显示,她们的减肥效果非常显著。这个结果着实让人惊喜。在互助小组里,参与者可获得各种关于如何改变生活方式的信息,并能相互帮助鼓励,慢慢地,发现体重确实减轻了,并且很多人还能长期将成果长期保持下去。

  这种生活方式的改变还可以包括“按清单计划购物”,“使储存食物远离视线”,“记录减肥期间的体围变化”,以及尽量“避开快餐店”等等。

锻炼

  根据大多数短期研究显示,仅有锻炼,而不控制饮食,体重下降并不明显。[50 ,51]部分原因是由于在脂肪组织减少的同时,[52]肌肉量会随之增加,因此仅从体重上来看,变化不大;另外,也有可能是因为锻炼会导致减肥者食欲旺盛,吃得比锻炼之前更多。但是,如果将“锻炼习惯”长期并有规律地保持下去,它的减肥效果是相当明显的,而且比较容易使减肥者长久坚持。[53, 54]成功保持减肥成果长达2年的减肥者们得出一个秘诀:使机体长期保持高水平活动量。[55]值得一提的是,如果将锻炼与健康饮食习惯结合起来,无论对长期减肥还是短期减肥,效果都是最明显的,[56 ,57]而且这个黄金组合还可以降低发生某些严重疾病的危险性。[58, 59, 60]

避免体重周期性变化

  根据一份结合大量减肥试验的研究综述显示,“体重周期性变化”(体重反复性地下降、反弹)的人群一般都有暴食(即强迫性暴食,但与厌食症不同的是,一般不会餐后催吐)倾向。[61]研究者同时也发现,“体重周期性变化”通常会伴有“抑郁症”,而且这类人的体形一般较差。最成功的减肥应该是:保持稳定的体重,情绪平和,从不暴饮暴食。这类减肥成功者通常采用的方案为:适度控制卡路里,适度参加锻炼,并向心理医生进行相关咨询,作一些必要的行为矫正,其中包括饮食习惯和生活习惯的调整等。

有益的营养补充剂

5-羟色胺

  5-羟色胺 (5-HTP)是“化学信使”血清素(一种神经递质)的前体,也就是说,机体如果要合成血清素,必须先合成5-羟色胺。三项短期对照试验均显示,它可以减少食欲,从而促进减肥。[62 ,63 ,64]一项双盲试验中,为期12周,双盲试验),将体重超重的妇女随机分成“5-羟色胺组” (每日服用600至900毫克)和“对照组”(服用安慰剂),结果发现,“5-羟色胺组”的妇女比“安慰剂组”的减重效果更为显著。[65]在一项不控制饮食的双盲试验中,使患有Ⅱ型糖尿病(非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病)的肥胖者每日服用750毫克5-羟色胺,2周后他们的碳水和脂肪摄入量明显降低,平均减轻体重为4.6磅,而安慰剂组仅减轻0.2磅。[66]

葡甘露聚糖

  每日补充3至4克葡甘露聚糖膨胀剂(可同时采用或不采用低卡路里饮食),可促进成人肥胖者体重下降,[67 ,68 ,69],而在另一项对照试验中,每日仅补充2至3克葡甘露聚糖,即可在肥胖青少年中产生效果。[70]

复合型维生素矿物质

  在卡路里摄入总量较低的饮食方法中,往往所含的各种维生素和矿物质量可能会不足。因此,很多类减肥方面的专家提倡服减肥者服用“复合型维生素矿物质”补充剂,而且,尤其当每日摄入量少于1100卡路里时,补充剂是相当有必要的。[71]

丙酮酸

  丙酮酸是一种存在于体内的天然化合物,可能有助于减轻体重。[72]一项对照试验发现,进行“低脂饮食”的成人肥胖者,在服用丙酮酸补充剂(每日22至44克)后,体重下降速度加快,并且体脂燃烧加强。[73]另外,将“丙酮酸”(每日6至10克)与锻炼计划相结合,比“安慰剂结合锻炼”组的减肥效果更明显。[74 ,75 ,76]动物试验表明,丙酮酸补充剂是通过加强机体代谢率来达到减肥效果的。[77]

(-)-羟基柠檬酸(HCA)

  (-)-羟基柠檬酸 (HCA),提取自产于东南亚的藤黄属植物“藤黄”的果实外壳,其化学成分类似于柠檬酸(橙子与其它柑橘类水果中最主要的酸)。动物初步研究认为,(-)-羟基柠檬酸可能会有助于体重减轻。[78 ,79]实验室结果(尚未进行临床试验)证明,该物质可通过抑制某些特定酶的加工过程,从而抑制碳水化合物向贮备体脂转化。[80, 81]另外,HCA还可以抑制食欲,从而起到促进减肥的作用。[82, 83 ,84, 85]但是,一项双盲试验发现,正在进行“低卡路里饮食”的女性,如果同时每日服用1500毫克HCA, 12周后,并未发现明显的减重效果。[86]但是,服用“藤黄”干燥提取物(每日2.4g,其中含有50%羟基柠檬酸)后,并未发现机体的能量消耗增加。因此,此种剂量水平的藤黄提取物,几乎不具备治疗肥胖的潜力。[87]但是,如果在进行某种减肥饮食方法时,在保证食物摄入量没有改变的前提下,同时服用上述剂量水平的藤黄提取物,可使该减肥饮食方法的最终效果更为显著。[88] 

3-乙酰-7-酮基脱氢表雄酮(7-KETO)

  3-乙酰-7-酮基脱氢表雄酮(7-keto) 与“脱氢表雄酮”(DHEA)密切相关。一项双盲试验显示,它具有促进减肥的作用。[89]该试验研究者建议参与者每周进行三次锻炼,每次时间长达45分钟。另外,在饮食上将每日卡路里摄入量控制在1800卡路里左右。参与者被随机安排在“安慰剂组”或“7-keto组”(每日两次,每次100毫克),8周后,“7-keto组”比“安慰剂组”的减肥效果更显著,更为重要的是,前者体脂比例显著下降。为什么会产生这些结果,可能是因为7-keto会导致机体的甲状腺激素(T3)水平上升,而我们都知道,甲状腺激素可促进机体代谢水平,代谢水平越高,消耗就会越大,体重也就自然而然地降下来了,但是需要说明的是,该剂量水平的7-keto并未使T3水平超过正常范围。

  由胰岛素介导的“碳水化合物”和“脂肪”的代谢过程中,矿物质“铬”是不可或缺的重要角色。 

  “铬”一般以“吡啶羧酸铬”的形式存在,它可能具有“改变身体成分”的潜在作用。目前的研究主要关注“铬”对于“身体塑形”方面的作用,但研究结果之间还存在一些矛盾。[90]一项双盲研究发现,每日摄取600微克与“尼亚新”(即烟酸)结合的铬制剂,有助于机体消耗更多脂肪,而且不会引起明显的肌肉流失。[91]但是,其它三项双盲试验显示,“吡啶羧酸铬”对减肥没有效果,[92, 93 ,94]虽然有些参与者在减肥饮食期间身体变得消瘦,但在这些参与者在节食后继续补充铬制剂,体重却出现了反弹。最近,一份全面详尽的综述在结合很多项双盲研究后得出结论,吡啶羧酸铬对减肥可能帮助不大。[95]

共轭亚油酸 (CLA)

  一项双盲试验发现,参加锻炼的减肥者每日摄入1800毫克共轭亚油酸 (CLA),12周后比进行类似锻炼的安慰剂组减去更多体重。[96]但是,当每日摄入的共轭亚油酸增加至0.7-3.0克时,身体成分并未出现明显改变。[97 ,98]如果将共轭亚油酸的摄入量继续增大到每日3.4至4.2克时,确实可起到降低体脂的作用;[99 ,100 ,101]但是另一项双盲研究表明,经常进行力量训练的运动员在每日摄入6克共轭亚油酸后,体脂、肌肉量或力量均未见改善。[102]

纤维

  如果想在减肥食谱中增加纤维摄入量,纤维补充剂是一个简单方便的选择。对于正在进行“低卡路里饮食”的减肥者,补充各种来源的纤维可加速体重下降。[103, 104 ,105 ,106]但是,其他研究者发现,虽然多吃纤维可以减少进食量,但是纤维补充剂的减肥作用却不是很明显。[107]

β-甲基-β-羟基丁酸 (HMB)

  生化试验和动物研究显示,β-甲基-β-羟基丁酸 (HMB)参与蛋白质的合成过程。因此把它作为补充剂,可能可以促进肌肉生长,并改善身体成分。但是,由于很多减肥者的运动强度不会象运动员这么强,因此,只有将HMB与锻炼计划相结合时,HMB才能表现出减肥效果。而对于进行力量训练的足球运动员或其它受训运动员,每日服用3至6克HMB后,体重、体脂或身体成分均无明显变化。[108, 109 ,110, 111 ,112]但是,对于第一次参加力量训练的70岁左右的老年人,每日服用3克HMB可使促进体重下降。[113]而从未进行力量训练的年轻男性,每日摄入HMB(每日37毫克/每千克体重),结果发现,他们的肌肉量(不属于体脂)得到显著改善。[114]但是,比较奇怪的是,如果给予剂量加倍的HMB,发现他们的身体成分未发生任何变化,因此,HMB的减肥效果不仅与减肥者原来的身体状况有关,而且与剂量水平也有一定关系,并不是剂量越大,效果就越好。

淀粉酶抑制剂

  淀粉酶抑制剂是一种“淀粉克星”,因为它含有一种物质,可防止淀粉被机体吸收。淀粉是一种复杂的碳水化合物,它们在“淀粉酶”的作用下进行第一步分解,之后被其它消化酶进一步分解,只有彻底分解成葡萄糖后才能被机体吸收。[115, 116]几年前,关于“淀粉克星”的研究开始有所进展,但是研究者们发现,“淀粉克星”在抑制机体“吸收碳水化合物”方面,发展潜力不是很大。[117, 118, 119 ,120]虽然最近又有研究显示,高浓度的淀粉克星具有一定的减肥功效,[121, 122 ,123]但是还未在临床上验证。

壳聚糖

  “壳聚糖”是一种类似纤维的物质,提取自甲壳类动物(例如虾、蟹)的外壳。动物研究表明,“壳聚糖”补充剂可减少脂肪吸收量;但是在人类对照试验中,每日补充2700毫克“壳聚糖”,服用7天,或每日补充5250毫克,服用4天,结果发现,这两种剂量水平都不能削减机体的脂肪吸收量。[124, 125]波兰的研究者发现,使减肥者在减肥计划期间补充壳聚糖,每日三次,每次1500毫克,结果发现,他们比同一减肥计划中“安慰剂组”的减肥效果更为显著。[126]如果将壳聚糖的摄入量进一步减少,结果未观察到减肥效果。[127, 128, 129]

脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)

  每日补充100毫克脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)可有效降低老年男性的体脂,[130]而在年轻男性中,每日补充1600毫克DHEA不仅可以促进体脂的燃烧,而且还可以增加肌肉量。[131]但是,在女性及其它年龄的男性中,补充DHEA并未表现出改善身体成分的功效。[132, 133, 134, 135, 136 ,137 ,138 ,139]

瓜儿胶

  瓜儿胶是另一种纤维补充剂,研究者们目前还没有发现它具有减肥和保持体重的功效。[140 ,141 ,142]

左旋肉碱

  “左旋肉碱”是一种氨基酸。由于它在脂肪代谢中有一定作用,因此研究者认为,它对减轻体重具有潜在的效果。在一项以肥胖青少年为受试者的初步研究中,将参与者随机分成两组,其中一组青少年每日摄取1000毫克左旋肉碱,另一组服用安慰剂,但是要求所有参与者都参加一项“饮食与锻炼”计划,三个月后,发现服用左旋肉碱的青少年的减肥效果更加显著。[143]但是这个试验存在一个缺点,两组青少年的初始平均体重存在较大的差异,可能会对最终的减肥效果产生一定影响。但是,对于超重女性来说,结果又有所不同,她们在保持原来锻炼计划的同时,每日补充4000毫克左旋肉碱,但是并未发现减肥效果。[144]

大豆

  因为大豆对人体有一些特殊的生物学效应,所以如果将大豆作为日常饮食的蛋白质来源,可能对减肥有所帮助。[145]研究者发现,如果将含有大豆蛋白的配方替代正餐,减重效果相当显著,明显优于其它配方。[146]但是在另外一项对照研究中,将“大豆蛋白”与“其它蛋白来源”的减肥饮食方法相比较后发现,大豆蛋白不具有任何优势。[147, 148 ,149]当大豆蛋白不用于减肥,而用以发挥其它健康功效时,每日的推荐摄入量一般为20克或者更多。

蓝绿藻

  蓝绿藻,又叫螺旋藻,富含蛋白质、维生素、矿物质以及必需脂肪酸。一项双盲试验显示,如果每日三次,每次摄入2.8克螺旋藻,4周后体重减轻量甚微,统计学上无显著差异。[150]因此,虽然很多商家在作宣传推销时,螺旋藻被冠以“减肥好帮手”的美名,但事实上,目前相关的科学证据较为缺乏。

乳清蛋白

  “乳清蛋白”之所以有助于减肥,是因为它对食欲有影响。在一项初步研究中,随机地让减肥者摄入48克“乳清蛋白”或“乳蛋白”(即酪蛋白)。相比较于“酪蛋白”,“乳清蛋白”更易使人产生饱足感。因此,记录正餐90分钟后两组的再次进食量,发现“酪蛋白组”的减肥者吃得更多。[151]但是,在另一项双盲研究中,随机将参加试验的男性分为“乳清蛋白组”和“酪蛋白组”(剂量均为3.3克/每千克体重),与此同时,两组男性都需进行“低卡路里饮食”和“力量训练为主的锻炼计划”,12周后,结果显示,两组的体重下降量大致相同。[152]

有无副作用及药物之间相互作用?

请参考各种草药的副作用及相互作用。

可能有益的草药

辣椒

  研究者认为,在饮食中加入辣椒粉可能有助于减肥。在每次进餐时加入6至10克辣椒或在每日全部饮食中加入28克辣椒,可减少餐后饥饿感,因而自然可在随后的进餐中减少进食量。[153 ,154]另外,当在每次进餐中加入10克辣椒或在每日全部饮食中加入28克辣椒时,结果显示,机体的卡路里燃烧量有略微提高。[155, 156 ,157]但是,目前尚未进行任何研究来确定在饮食中有规律地加入辣椒对减轻体重是否有效。

瓜拿那

  草药“瓜拿那”含有咖啡因,生物碱和可可碱,以及茶碱;这些物质都可以抑制食欲,从而促进减肥。咖啡因的作用已为众人所熟知,其中包括刺激中枢神经系统,增加代谢率等,并且还有较为温和的利尿作用。[158]但是,一项双盲试验显示,每日摄入200 毫克咖啡因并不比服用安慰剂对减肥更有效。[159]鉴于考虑到潜在的不良反应,很多医生不提倡使用咖啡因或咖啡因类物质来达到减轻体重的目的。

育亨宾

  育亨宾是发现于育亨宾树皮的一种化合物,具有刺激神经系统的能力,[160 ,161]并可促进脂肪从脂肪细胞中释放出来,[162, 163]这表明它可通过提高代谢率,减低食欲,或者促进脂肪燃烧,从而达到减肥目的。虽然有一项初步试验显示,育亨宾对减肥无效果,但是在一项双盲试验中发现,在减肥饮食期间服用育亨宾(每日四次,每次5毫克)的妇女,三周后减重效果明显显著于饮食相同但服用安慰剂的妇女。[164, 165]但在一项类似研究中,受试者每日服用育亨宾18毫克,8周后,并未发现育亨宾对减肥有何帮助。另外,使处于非减肥饮食期的男性每日服用育亨宾43 毫克,六个月后,结果显示,育亨宾对体重或身体成分均没有影响。[166]所有这些研究均采用纯育亨宾。

绿茶

  绿茶提取物中富含多酚(表没食子儿茶酚没食子酸,即EGCG),可通过提高能量消耗或抑制小肠中脂肪消化来达到促进减肥的效果。[167 ,168]每日三次,每次服用2粒绿茶胶囊(总共含有50毫克咖啡因和90毫克EGCG)的年轻男性,其能量消耗以及脂肪氧化作用明显高于仅服用咖啡因或安慰剂的男性。[169]在一项有关中等肥胖个体的初步研究中,受试者服用特制的绿茶提取物(AR25)12周后,平均体重下降4.6%。[170]该试验中每日绿茶提取物剂量可为人体提供270毫克EGCG 和150毫克咖啡因。我们已经知道,咖啡因可促进身体代谢,但是除咖啡因外的其它物质对体重下降至少应该起到部分作用。虽然提取物对身体几乎无副作用,但是一名受试者在研究期间出现了肝功能检验异常。因此,我们需要进行更多研究来进一步确定绿茶提取物对促进减肥是否具有安全性和效果。

印度香胶

  在一项与锻炼结合的双盲试验中,将香胶、磷酸盐、羟基柠檬酸盐以及酪氨酸联合用药, 结果显示其不仅可改善情绪,并在超重人群中显示出微弱的体重下降趋势。[171]香胶的每日建议摄入量一般与提取物中香胶固酮的含量密切相关。通常香胶固酮的摄入量为每日三次,每次25毫克。大多数香胶提取物中含有5%至10%香胶固酮,可每日服用,并可持续服用12至24周。

锦紫苏

  虽然目前尚未进行临床试验,但是在近代参考文献中确实有使用草药锦紫苏进行减肥的记载。[172]锦紫苏提取物中弗司可林(forskolin)的浓度可标定至18%,剂量为每日二至三次,每次50至100毫克。另外,液态提取物的剂量为每日三次,每次2至4毫升。

苦橙

  虽然苦橙在传统上用以刺激食欲,但是也经常出现于现代的减肥处方中,因为去氧肾上腺素(synephrine)与麻黄碱非常相似,而后者是我们熟知的可用以减肥的化合物。在一项包括23名超重成人的研究中,参与者每日联合服用苦橙(975毫克)、咖啡因(525毫克)和贯叶连翘(滕黄科金丝桃属,900 毫克),6周后比对照组明显减去更多体重和体脂。[173]目前,还尚未发现该草药在心率或血压方面的副作用。标定至含有4%至6%去氧肾上腺素的苦橙在小鼠中具有抗肥胖的作用。但是,当达到出现该效果的所需剂量时,一般会伴有心血管毒性甚至发生死亡。[174]

有无副作用及药物之间相互作用?

请参考各种草药的副作用及相互作用。
.
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