•简介　　　　　•一览表　　　　　•症状　　　　•治疗
•饮食习惯的改变　　　•生活方式的改变　　　　•营养补充剂
•参考文献

　　中风是由脑供血不足或脑内出血引起的一种疾病。

　　中风是美国的第三大致死疾病，但是大多数情况下中风并不是致命的。根据脑损害范围的不同，中风可以引起昏迷、可逆或不可逆的瘫痪、语言障碍、视觉损害，以及痴呆。高血压、糖尿病、高胆固醇或高同型半胱氨酸，和脑血管动脉粥样硬化（动脉血管的硬化）等因素都会增加发生某些类型中风的风险。

中风的辅助疗法

中风的症状

　　中风的症状包括活动上下肢时感觉虚弱、麻痹或无力，突发性的剧烈头痛，严重的头晕或身体平衡能力丧失，语言障碍和理解障碍，单眼或双眼视觉模糊或视力减退。中风患者也可能出现痉挛、呕吐、流涎和吞咽困难等症状。一些患者体验过完全中风之前的短暂预兆，也即被称为短暂性脑缺血发作的神经系统症状。感觉到预示中风或短暂性脑缺血发作的症状的患者应立即（送往急诊室）引起医生的重视。

医药治疗

　　非处方药阿司匹林（aspirin，Bayer Low Adult Strength®, Ecotrin Adult Low Strength®）有助于预防男性未来患上中风。

　　处方药抗凝血剂是治疗中风的常用药，如华法令阻凝剂（Coumadin®）。

　　对由血管阻塞引起的中风（缺血性中风）患者可以采用抗凝（溶栓）疗法，比如使用重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(Alteplase®)和抗凝血剂肝素。对由脑内出血引起的中风（出血性中风）患者通常采用外科手术治疗，最终阻止出血并修复血管。在对中风患者实施急救以后，医生通常建议患者进行身体、语言和职业方面的恢复性治疗。

可能有益的饮食习惯

钾

　　研究者发现低钾饮食与中风之间存在联系，摄入钾量不足会增加中风的风险[1,2,3]。据报道，服用钾补充剂的人患中风的风险较低[4]。然而，在一项研究中发现，只有黑人和高血压患者才表现出增加饮食中钾摄入和降低中风死亡率的相关性[5]。其他一些研究发现饮食中低钾和高盐的综合效果可能会增加中风的风险[6]。增加饮食中的钾摄入能够降低人的血压，从而减少了中风的风险[7]。但是似乎钾的保健作用并不仅限于降低血压[8]。保持高钾摄入的最好途径是多食用水果和蔬菜。

多吃水果蔬菜

　　根据大多数研究结果，多吃水果蔬菜有助于降低中风风险[9,10]。在一项大型的初步研究中，十字花科和绿色多叶的蔬菜，以及柑桔类水果和果汁，具有最优的保健作用[11]。由于还不清楚水果和蔬菜的哪一部分能最有效地抵御中风，人们如果希望降低中风的风险，应该主要依靠多吃水果和蔬菜而不是服用补充剂。

全谷类

　　一项大型研究也发现，妇女食用全谷类的量越大，她们罹患缺血性中风的概率越低[12]。与日常基本不吃完整谷物的妇女相比，平均每天食用至少一种完整谷物（两倍于美洲人摄取纤维食物的平均量）的妇女大约能够降低35%患缺血性中风的风险。这项研究成果符合以前研究中的结论：吃较多完整谷物的妇女也能减少患动脉粥样硬化引起的心脏病的风险。

脂肪

　　食物中的脂肪对中风风险的影响，并不像它对心脏病风险的影响那样已经得到清晰的结论。最近一些报告提出增加包括饱和脂肪（主要发现于肉和蛋中）在内的脂肪摄入会降低中风的风险[13,14]。这些出人意料的结果可能是由于研究所在地的独特饮食条件（日本）或者实验设计上的缺陷导致的[15,16,17]。另一些证据则支持相反的结论——人们食用越多的饱和脂肪，他们患中风的风险越高[18]。

　　目前的证据同样无法确定不饱和脂肪（主要发现于植物油，使用植物油烹调和加工的食品，坚果和种子）所扮演的角色[19,20,21]，这些证据显示不饱和脂肪对不同类型的中风具有不同的影响，或者说一些不饱和脂肪在导致中风的风险上随中风的种类而不同。

鱼类

　　越来越多的证据表明喜欢吃鱼有助于预防中风，鱼中富含Ω-3脂肪酸。多数[22,23,24]但非全部[25,26]研究认为吃鱼能够降低中风风险。

控制盐摄入量

　　摄入盐过多与中风和高血压的发病都有关[27]，是导致中风的主要危险因素[28]。但是食盐的摄入可能增加中风风险不依赖于它对血压的影响[29]。在超重的人群中，每天的盐摄入增加约1/2茶匙（2.3克）将导致中风发病率上升32%，中风死亡率上升89% [30]。为降低中风风险，专家们建议减少盐的摄入[31]。

酒精

　　大多数研究认为每天喝一两口酒能够降低中风风险[32,33]，但是有些研究者报道说饮酒对预防中风没有作用[34]，甚至还有研究者发现少量饮酒导致中风概率上升[35]。不过研究者一致认为经常酗酒或狂饮会升高血压，引起心肌异常和其他问题，从而增加患中风的可能[36, 37, 38]。

可能有益的生活方式

　　吸烟会导致中风风险显著增加[39,40,41]。尤其二手烟会造成不吸烟的人患中风的概率增加[42]。

　　根据多数[43,44,45,46]但非全部[47]研究的结果，锻炼能够减小患中风的可能。锻炼的益处可能是由于它对体重、血压和糖耐受量的影响。

　　多数研究已经证实肥胖会引起中风风险增加[48, 49]。过多的腹部脂肪似乎比堆积在大腿和臀部的脂肪更容易引起中风[50, 51, 52]。虽然减肥并保持体重对大多数人来说是困难的，然而养成健康的饮食和锻炼习惯以保持正常体重确实是降低包括中风在内的多种疾病的最好途径之一。

可能有益的营养补充剂

软脂酸十六酯

　　据报道，静脉注射软脂酸十六酯可以改善中风病人的一些脑功能的生化指标[53,54]。一项对照试验发现，发生中风后72小时之内静脉注射软脂酸十六酯能够一定程度上减弱中风后常见的脑功能丧失[55]。但是，使用软脂酸十六酯的人类中风研究的可靠性受到质疑[56,57]，还需要进行更多的双盲试验。目前还没有采用口服软脂酸十六酯治疗中风的相关研究报道。

同型半胱氨酸

　　多数研究认为，一种有害的氨基酸副产物——同型半胱氨酸在血液中的含量过高易导致中风[58,59,60]。然而，目前尚不清楚高水平的同型半胱氨酸究竟是引起中风的原因还是仅仅是其他致病因素的表征。通常人群补充叶酸、维生素B6和维生素B12会降低同型半胱氨酸水平[61,62,63]。然而降低同型半胱氨酸水平是否会导致中风风险因此降低？这一点仍然是未知的。

维生素C、维生素E

　　动脉粥样硬化症会引起颈部动脉血管变窄（颈动脉狭窄症），这是导致中风的一个危险因素。初步的饮食调查发现，食用富含维生素C和维生素E之类抗氧化剂的食物的人很少患颈动脉狭窄症[64,65]。

三烯甘油酯

　　在一项双盲试验中，每天予以颈部动脉粥样硬化症患者含有160-240毫克三烯甘油酯（一种类似维生素E的补充剂）的棕榈油提取物，配合100-150国际单位维生素E。18个月后，患者的动脉粥样硬化症与一组接受安慰剂的对照组相比明显减轻或者发展很小[66]。与单独使用阿司匹林相比，维生素E与阿司匹林联合使用对于降低中风和其他相关疾病风险更为有效[67]。然而，大多数初步试验显示抗氧化剂并没有预防中风的效果[68,69,70,71,72,73]。一项芬兰的大型试验得出结论称，无论补充维生素E还是beta-胡萝卜素，对于男性吸烟者都没有起到预防中风的作用[74]，然而后来一项对该研究的回顾发现患有高血压（血压偏高）或糖尿病的吸烟男性摄入维生素E似乎确实能够减小中风的发病概率[75]。

抗凝血剂药物

　　对于极易发生中风的人，例如已经患有短暂性脑缺血发作,或患有一种称为房颤[76]的心脏疾病的人，通常予以阿司匹林或抗凝血剂药物治疗来降低血液凝固性。一些天然的血液凝集抑制剂，诸如大蒜[77,78,79]，鱼油[80]和维生素E[81,82]，都可能具有预防中风的作用，但是研究证实即使大剂量的鱼油的效果也不如阿司匹林[83]。目前并不知道这些物质中是否有一种适合作为替代品用以控制高危人群发病率，正在采用抗凝血剂药物治疗的患者在使用这些天然物质前应告知主治医生。

镁

　　研究者发现饮食中摄入镁较少易导致中风，对镁的这项功效，部分但不完整的解释是镁能够降低过高的血压[84]。也有报道称饮用含镁量高的水能够预防中风[85]。有人建议中风发作后立即静脉滴注镁以降低中风死亡率[86]，不过迄今为止这项治疗的效果尚无定论[87]。

有无副作用及药物之间相互作用？
请参考各种补充剂的副作用及相互作用。

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