打鼾--自然之宝

打鼾

·简介　　　 ·症状　　　 ·治疗　　　 ·生活方式的改变　　　 ·参考文献

　　打鼾是由口腔或咽喉软组织（诸如悬雍垂，软腭，声带）附近的空气运动引起的。　　如果呼吸道中的空气流动受到限制，比如患了鼻塞、哮喘或者长了息肉，都容易打鼾。看来不起眼的打鼾通常意味着存在健康问题，如睡眠不足和睡眠质量下降，夜间体内氧含量急剧降低[1] 和经常头痛[2] 。而且，研究证实打鼾与心脏病之间存在联系[3,4] 。当呼吸道中的气流被压迫到一定程度时，会引起明显的呼吸中断，称为睡眠呼吸暂停。相比于单纯打鼾，睡眠呼吸暂停可能会造成更严重的问题[5] 。因此，对可能造成睡眠呼吸暂停的长期打鼾，卫生保健人员应予以密切关注。

打鼾的症状

　　打鼾的人睡觉呼吸时会发出刺耳的呼噜声。

医药治疗

　　卫生保健人员建议打鼾的人避免饮用酒精饮料，禁用安眠药和抗组胺剂，临睡前也不要过量进食。为减轻打鼾，睡觉时不应仰卧而应侧卧，必要时可把床头抬高。对肥胖的人来说，减肥也会对治疗打鼾有所帮助。当发现患有过敏和鼻部感染时应该及早治疗。若需要矫正气道的结构性病变，如扁桃腺肥大或鼻中隔偏斜，可以施行外科手术。

可能有益的生活方式

过敏

　　过敏可造成鼻腔、鼻窦和肺气管发炎，并且一般会直接或间接地造成打鼾。来自过敏性鼻炎（鼻子不通气）和哮喘患者的统计数据表明这些人群比非过敏人群更容易打鼾。研究进一步发现当使用一套持续正向气道压力装置治疗打鼾时，这套原本用于治疗睡眠呼吸暂停的装置也减少了患者夜间哮喘的发作。打鼾的儿童比其他儿童更容易患过敏，而一项研究发现超过一半的过敏儿童有打鼾的症状。研究者称有过敏症状的儿童和打鼾的儿童普遍对食物敏感。尽管目前对食物敏感性与打鼾之间的关系知之甚少，但是检测对哪种食物敏感仍然是有益的。综上所述，有打鼾的症状时应考虑患哮喘和过敏的可能性。

心脏疾病

　　大量研究发现打鼾和心脏疾病之间存在联系。无论男女，高血压和冠状动脉疾病与打鼾都有关系，而且在正常体重的人群中这种相关性更为明显。女性在绝经后出现打鼾较为普遍，并且绝经期前后的妇女打鼾与高血压存在更强的相关性。由于相关度非常强，研究者郑重建议打鼾的人检查是否患有高血压和心脏病。

肥胖

　　身体肥胖以及缺乏体育活动与严重的打鼾之间通常关系密切，甚至儿童肥胖也可能导致打鼾和睡眠紊乱。一项研究发现打鼾的胖人在十年内患上糖尿病的几率明显高于不打鼾的胖人。显而易见，打鼾是肥胖的人需要注意的一个问题，专家普遍建议他们增加体育活动并减轻体重。对于减轻打鼾来说，减肥的作用要大于改变睡姿或者使用解除鼻充血的喷剂。一项美国军方的报告建议打鼾病人控制体重和锻炼身体，以减轻严重的打鼾和睡眠呼吸暂停。在其介绍的一个病例中，通过减肥和采用持续正向气道压力装置，严重的打鼾被完全治愈。另有两个病例报道通过减肥和持续正向气道压力装置的联合治疗，完全治愈了打鼾和睡眠呼吸暂停。

吸烟

　　吸烟能刺激鼻腔和鼻窦，因而吸烟的人容易打鼾，另外，香烟中的尼古丁可能造成睡眠障碍，从而引起更严重的打鼾。男性随着年龄的增长打鼾的可能性增加，但是对于 60 岁以下的男性，吸烟更能够增加打鼾的可能。一项对睡眠的研究表明重度吸烟者比中度和轻度吸烟者更容易打鼾，而戒烟的人与从来不吸烟的人打鼾的几率基本一样。研究中发现十几岁的青少年吸烟者比不吸烟的同龄人更容易打鼾，而打鼾会造成频繁的夜间惊醒以及白天容易嗜睡。儿童处于周围吸烟的环境中，或者吸入二手烟都会增加打鼾的可能性。因此戒烟和消除环境中的烟雾对于治疗打鼾至关重要。

饮酒

　　长期以来人们认为饮酒会导致打鼾，至少一项研究证实这是对的，但是也有数项研究无法确认这种联系。

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